General Information
DEFINITION--A laceration, tear or crack in the lining of the anus.
BODY PARTS INVOLVED--Anus.
SEX OR AGE MOST AFFECTED--All ages, but most common in infants, young children
and adults over 60. This affects more women than men.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Sharp pain with passage of a hard or bulky stool. The pain may last up to an hour and
returns with the next bowel movement.
- Pain when sitting on a hard surface.
- Streaks of blood on the toilet paper, underwear or diaper.
- Itching around the rectum.
- Children may refuse to have a bowel movement.
CAUSES--The exact cause is unknown, but the symptoms usually occur after the
stretching of the anus from a large, hard stool.
RISK INCREASES WITH
- Constipation.
- Multiple pregnancies.
- Leukemia, Crohn's disease, immunodeficiency disorders.
HOW TO PREVENT
> Avoid constipation by:
Drinking at least 8 glasses of water daily. Eating a diet high in fiber. Using stool
softeners or other laxatives, if needed.
- Don't strain at stool.
- Avoid anal intercourse.
What To Expect
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES--
- Your own observation of symptoms.
- Medical history and physical exam by a doctor.
- Examination of the anus and rectum with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope to rule out other
causes of anal or rectal bleeding.
APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE
- Home care.
- Doctor's treatment.
- Surgery may be necessary to remove the fissure or to alter the muscle that contracts and
prevents normal healing (see Anal-Fissure Removal and Anal Sphincterectomy in Surgery
section).
POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS--Permanent scarring that prevents normal bowel movements.
PROBABLE OUTCOME--Most adults recover in 4 to 6 weeks with treatment, making
surgery unnecessary. Most infants and young children recover after the stool is softened.
How To Treat
GENERAL MEASURES--
- The following should be done to prevent constipation in children until the fissure
heals: For infants: Before bedtime, fill a rubber ear syringe with plain mineral oil.
Gently insert the tip and squeeze the mineral oil into the infant's rectum. Repeat the
next morning. If no bowel movement occurs, repeat at noon. After the bowel movement, clean
the anus gently with cotton and water. For older children: Gently squeeze 4 ounces of
mineral oil into the rectum. You may use a sanitary napkin to catch oil that seeps out in
the night.
- To relieve muscle spasms and pain around the anus, apply a warm towel to the area.
- Sitz baths also relieve pain. Use 8 inches of very warm water 2 or 3 times a day for 10
to 20 minutes. Be careful not to burn a young child.
MEDICATION--
- For minor pain, you may use non-prescription drugs, such as acetaminophen or topical
anesthetics.
- Zinc oxide ointment or petroleum jelly applied to the anal opening may help prevent the
burning sensation.
- Bulk stool softeners will help to avoid the pain occurring with bowel movements.
ACTIVITY--No restrictions. Physical activity reduces the likelihood of
constipation.
DIET--Encourage a high-fiber diet and extra fluids to prevent constipation.
Call Your Doctor If
You or your child have symptoms of an anal fissure--especially pain--that persists
despite treatment.
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