General Information
DEFINITION--An infectious, mild, viral illness that occurs in localized
outbreaks (often during the winter and spring months). The name comes from its position on
a list developed in the early 1900s of childhood diseases.
SEX OR AGE MOST AFFECTED--Children and adolescents ages 5-14; rare in infants
and adults.
> Widespread rash--
called "slapped cheeks appearance" because it starts as a rash on the cheeks.
The rash then spreads to the trunk, buttocks and limbs, usually in a lacy pattern.
- Low-grade fever (sometimes).
- Slight tiredness or fatigue.
- Mild joint pain or swelling (in adults).
- Sometimes no symptoms are apparent (about 20% of patients).
CAUSES--A virus called human parvovirus B-19 spread by airborne particles. The
incubation period is 4-14 days. Once the rash appears, the child is no linger infectious.
RISK INCREASES WITH--School and day care attendance.
HOW TO PREVENT--No preventive measures. Outbreaks can last for months, so
keeping a child out of a school or day care where the infection has occurred will
accomplish little. Infection provides future immunity.
What To Expect
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES--
- Your own observation of the symptoms.
- Awareness of an outbreak in the school or community.
- Medical history and physical exam by a doctor (sometimes).
APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE--Self-care after diagnosis.
POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
- None expected in the general population. In rare instances (patients with other
disorders such as sickle cell anemia or the immunocompromised), fifth disease can cause a
serious anemic reaction.
- In pregnant women there is a small risk of miscarriage if the woman is infected during
the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There is no evidence that fifth disease causes birth
defects.
PROBABLE OUTCOME--Complete recovery. The rash usually clears in 10 days to 2
weeks.
How To Treat
GENERAL MEASURES--
- Use cool soaks if the rash itches.
- External factors such as sun exposure, bathing, excitement or exercise can cause the
rash to redden or reappear weeks after the initial infection. This is no cause for
concern.
MEDICATION--
- There are no medicines for treating fifth disease. You may use acetaminophen for fever.
Don't give a child younger than 18 aspirin for fever.
- If the rash itches, use plain calamine lotion.
ACTIVITY--Extra rest during symptomatic period.
DIET--No special diet. Drink plenty of fluids.
Call Your Doctor If
- If you or your child has symptoms of fifth disease and you are concerned.
- Symptoms don't improve or worsen after self-care treatment.
- You are pregnant and have been exposed to fifth disease.
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